| Introduction: Components of a sensor, Types of sensors, Applications;    Static characteristics: Static calibration, static error, correction, range,    span, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, linearity, hysteresis, dead time,    dead zone, resolution, loading effect; Errors: Types of errors, Random    errors: mean, variance, Gaussian curve of errors, precision errors and    precision index; Dynamic characteristics: Modelling a sensor, zero, first and    second order systems; Primary sensing elements:  Stain gauge, variable capacitance    transducer, variable inductance transducer (LVDT), optical sensors,    piezoelectric transducers, hall effect transducer; Mechanical measurements:    Measurement of force, pressure, flow, displacement, acceleration, velocity;    Temperature measurement: RTD, thermistor and thermocouple; Signal    conditioning circuit:  Amplifiers,    Filters, Bridge circuits, A/D and D/A converters, Modern data acquisition    systems. | 
  
  
    Text/Reference    Books:
      
        - E. O. Doebelin, “Measurement System:    Application and Design,” 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2003.
 
        - D. Patranabis, “Principles of industrial    instrumentation,” 2nd Ed.,Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2001.
 
        - A.K Sawhney, “Electrical and Electronics    Measurements and Instrumentation,” 19th Ed., Dhanpat Rai &    Co., 2011.
 
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